![]() ![]() Contextual variables are conceptualized as affecting the typical three-term contingency (antecedent, behavior, consequence) and occurrence of behavior ( Conroy & Stichter, 2003). Contextual variables refer to the circumstances that form the setting for the occurrence of behaviors and include a number of terms including, but not limited to, setting events, antecedents, establishing operations, and discriminative stimuli ( Stichter, Randolph, Kay, & Gage, 2009). It is important to define the term contextual variables within an FBA paradigm. Recently, Gage, Lewis, and Stichter (2012) examined both the quality of studies and applied an emerging methodology to quantify the magnitude of change in single-case design (SCD) studies that examined FBA-based interventions for students who have an emotional or behavioral disorder. They have been used-and found to be effective-to address a spectrum of challenging behaviors for students with disabilities in various settings including schools ( Didden, Duker, & Korzillus, 1997 Lane, Kalberg, & Shepcaro, 2009 Scotti, Evans, Meyer, & Walker, 1991). Although the term FBA is not defined within the law, it is generally regarded within the field as a series of heuristic approaches for determining the purpose or “function” (i.e., source of environmental reinforcement) a student’s challenging behavior serves, so that those results can be used to develop a behavior intervention plan (BIP) that addresses the identified function(s) ( O’Neill et al., 1997). The functional behavioral assessment (FBA) provision in the1997 reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA, 2006) has been both praised as a significant positive development and criticized as a procedure that lacks sufficient evidence base and social validity to be of value in school settings ( Katsiyannis, Conroy, & Zhang, 2008 Katsiyannis & Maag, 1998 Nelson, Roberts, Mathur, & Rutherford, 1999). All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS ![]()
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